Julia Timpanaro
Over the years, YouTube is known for launching a variety of people’s careers. Many aspiring make up artists, such as Michelle Phan, use this social media platform to help launch their career (Heine). Something that has been slowly on the rise over the years is the marketing on the social media platform Instagram. According to Adweek, companies such as Anastasia Beverly Hills has been using Instagram to post 15-second long how- to videos, while using their brand (Heine). An example of this would be how Anastasia Beverly Hills posted a quick how-to “smokey eye” video, which received 74,00 likes and 2,300 comments (Heine). Not only are you marketing yourself, but you are also making the consumers feel as if they are truly benefiting from this short clip.
According to Adweek, Anastasia Beverly Hills is the top ranked spot on Instagram (Heine). Other companies that Adweek recognized was Lush, Benefit cosmetics and Estee Lauder. In my opinion, I believe that advertising beauty products on Instagram is ingenious. Why do you think Anastasia Beverly Hills is so successful on Instagram?
What I’ve been noticing over the years is that many smart companies will send a bunch of their products to popular Instagram make up artists and have them take a picture with it demonstrating how to use their product. A perfect example of this would be Jeffree Star. He is a well known, singer/songwriter, makeup artist, model and DJ (Instagram). For the past year now, Jeffree has been tearing up Instagram. He manages to show quick how-to videos while advertising other companies’ makeup. Not only is he getting free publicity, but he also is receiving free high-end cosmetics. Something else that has happened in the past 6 months is that he has launched his own cosmetic line, Jeffree Star Cosmetics. So far in this line he has a long lasting lip stain, which is available in three different shades. He announced on his Instagram recently, that he is currently in the works of creating skin care and more shades for his long lasting lip stains (Instagram). Do you think it is unethical what these companies are doing? In other words, do you believe it is ethical to send people free products and then have them write or demonstrate a raving review?
Do you think that Instagram is a trend? If so, how long do you think this will last? If not, why do you think Instagram wont be a popular place to advertise products?
As I mentioned earlier, we see a common pattern in advertising on social media platforms. According to AdAge, celebrities such as Kim Kardashian are making a pretty penny off of social media (Delo). How is it possible that she can make five figures off of advertising on social media? Well, Luigi Picarazzi, who is the president of Digital Media Management, explains to us how this is possible.
The company’s main focus is mainly securing deals with brands to do integrations. This company also works with Bre.ad, which is an ad tech vendor who can show you the full- page ad. This is unique because it shows users before and after entering and from links on social media accounts.
Even though Picarazzi says no client is alike, he says many times a celebrity will come in and say “Hey, I see how is starting to be of importance in my traditional deals, and I’m wondering if there are also opportunities that exist online in terms of creating a business.”(Delo)
Mr. Picarazzi mentions, how he approaches integrations regarding brands. He says that sometimes the webpages they build are for the editor or sometimes it’s for them. (Delo) These pages are more content based and seems to do well whether it’s a full-page ad or a short video clip. (Delo)
YouTube seems to be the trending topic companies are talking about. YouTube is great because as I mentioned earlier in this post, many people are found and made in to celebrities from their videos. Picarazzi says that he tends to tell his clients to make videos for this social media platform. At the end of the day, people want to not only see you, but hear you as well. (Delo)
When we flip through magazines, you might notice (or this is at least how I feel) that there are more ads than actual content, especially if you are reading Vogue, Marie Claire or Cosmopolitan. Toiletries and cosmetic ads are leading the charts in terms of most money spent. (Cohn)
If you were to own a company, how would you go about advertising/ marketing? Would you follow Instagram’s footsteps or make another path?
Works Cited
"Cosmetics Were Biggest Magazine Ad Spenders Through the First Quarter." Minonline. Minonline, 9 Apr. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
Delo, Cotton. "How Celebrities Make Money from Social When They're Not Paid to Tweet." Advertising Age Latest News RSS. AdAge, 17 July 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
Heine, Christopher. "Beauty Video Marketers Are Finding a Second Home on Instagram." Adweek. Adweek, 5 Jan. 2015. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
Star, Jeffree. "Jeffree Star (@jeffreestar) • Instagram Photos and Videos." Instagram. Instagram, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
Brittany Berg
ReplyDeleteSocial media platforms are changing the way companies advertise and market their products. One specific social media platform, Instagram, has allowed not just beauty products, but also nail polish, to successfully advertise. To answer one of Julia’s questions, I would follow in Instagram’s footsteps, at least for now. The current time period proves that social media platforms are the most popular. Instagram is just one platform that allows visuals and audio to further educate its target audience.
For example, the nail polish brand Essie has an Instagram account called Essie Polish. They post photos of different colors on celebrities and the different products they offer. Instagram users are able to follow the accounts that interest them. The company is able to target their followers and present to them exactly what they interest. Instagram allows the target audience to come to the company. The company has to create an account and continue to update with recent posts. The audience will come to them.
Essie is smart in the way they post their photos of celebrities wearing their products. Similarly to Mr. Picarazzi’s strategy with celebrities and YouTube, “you’re a celebrity and people want to see and hear you” (Delo). Although, he states this when he is discussing shows and videos on YouTube, celebrities are in the public’s eye so no matter what they are doing they are going to have fans that want to follow them. Yes, it may be the fact that they missed an episode and they want to catch up; or, it may be the fact that they like their style and they want to stay up to date with their latest nail polish trend or beauty products.
People get to specialize their Instagram homepages by “following” the accounts that interest them. This gives the user the ability to weed out accounts that they would rather not see. Most companies may normally bombard a user through other media sources like watching television or YouTube. Television and YouTube users do not get to choose which advertisements they get to watch; rather they are forced to watch the advertisements that appear.
Furthermore, I believe that companies who send people free products and then have them write or demonstrate a raving review is a great idea. According to Pew Research Center, social media platforms have been increasing in use in the last couple of years. “For the first time, roughly half of internet-using young adults ages 19-29 (53%) use Instagram. And half of all Instagram users (49%) use the site daily” (Social Media Update). This only benefits consumers because they are able to discover free products due to their daily use of Instagram. Beauty products and nail polish companies are successfully using Instagram to market their products with free giveaways for positive reviews.
Works Cited
Delo, Cotton. "How Celebrities Make Money from Social When They're Not Paid to
Tweet." Advertising Age Latest News RSS. AdAge, 17 July 2013. Web. 30 Jan.
2015.
“Social Media Update 2014.” Pew Research Center. 9 Jan. 2015. Web.
Margaret Thompson
ReplyDeleteSeeing that social media is the center of the current media world I think it is wise for start up companies, as well as established companies to connect people on platforms where billions interact with one another. The best way for companies to get a message out to an audience is to put it somewhere where people won’t have an option but to see it. Social media is that somewhere. Julia asked if it is ethical for companies to send products to celebrities in return for their public endorsement. My opinion is yes that is ethical. In fact, I see it as a smart business move. She mentioned Jeffree Star, who got his start in music and makeup artistry through social media platforms. When companies send him the free high-end cosmetics, they are not only benefiting their product, they are also aiding Jeffree Stars self-promotion via Instagram. I don’t see it as unethical because companies and celebrities are both profiting from this.
Julia also asked if Instagram is a trend and I believe that everything in social media is a trend, but Instagram is at the very beginning stages and has plenty of time to grow before it becomes obsolete. Between 2013 and 2014, Instagram jumped 9% in total adult usage (Duggan). Instagram is an easy and mindless way to look through advertising and not see it as advertising. I often find myself scrolling through and following the instructions to click the link in the bio to buy this product. I follow former Bachelor contestant, Renee Oteri on Instagram and she used to promote Pura Vida Bracelets on her Instagram page. Renee also recently launched her own jewelry line, Jaxbee…she connected Instagram users to her new line by having them suggest names for various pieces in her new collection. Smart tactic, if the name I picked for a piece was chosen I would definitely buy it. Fifty-Tree percent of the people using Instagram are between the ages of 18-29 (Duggan). This is the prime age group for advertisers because people of these ages are buying what they see. I can attest to advertising working via Instagram, because I personally have bought things from postings I saw…it truly was as simple as clicking the link in the bio.
Lastly, you asked if I owned my own company how would I advertise. I am a big fan of Instagram and I think I would definitely launch my products using it. With Instagram you have the ability to share to Twitter, Facebook and other social platforms allowing your one posting to be spread with one click. The main reason I like Instagram the most is it’s “search and explore section” these photos are not from accounts that I already follow, but Instagram shows photos, videos, and accounts they think I would like. They choose these based off of people I already follow and Instagrams that I already liked (Instagram). This is more beneficial than the Internet tracking discussed in the article, Here’s How Advertising Tracks You Across the Web. This article talks about how the Internet targets what websites you visit and that to them dictates what you are interested, however that is often inaccurate. The example used is “You may be a NASCAR dad but the advertising network thinks you’re a soccer mom” (Tynan). Instagram shows you what they think you want to see based on who you already follow and what you already like. Because of that I think using Instagram is the best way to market for companies because it is so audience specific.
Works Cited
Duggan, M., Ellison, N.B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A,. and Madden, M. “Social Media Update 2014,” Pew Research Center, January 2015.
Tynan, D. (2014, November 17). Explained: Here’s How Advertising Tracks You Across the Web. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
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ReplyDeleteBrittany Joyal
ReplyDeleteJulia,
Your post unveiled a plethora of relevant and interesting points regarding the relationship of social media and celebrity product placement. Social media has infiltrated many aspects of modern day society, with its effects being arguably most impactful in the field of advertising.
Mary Wells Lawrence was once quoted in USA Today saying, “The best advertising should make you nervous about what you’re not buying…There’s too much smart-ass advertising today and not enough that emotionally moves consumers to go out and buy something” (Horovitz). This is a statement I believe rings true in regards to the success of product marketing on both celebrities’ social media pages as well social media sites in general (i.e. Instagram). As you state in your post, Adweek acknowledges Anastasia Beverly Hills as having the “top ranked spot on Instagram” (Heine). I believe it’s this ‘FOMO’ (fear of missing out) mentality that Lawrence alludes to which largely contributes to the success of Anastasia Beverly Hills’ social media marketing (and other similar companies). In other words, when a consumer sees that their favorite celebrity Kim Kardashian uses Anastasia Beverly Hills’ Brown Wiz in Dark Brown and their Pure Hollywood shade of lipstick, they fear that if they do not purchase the product they won’t ever be able to attain the ‘Kim Kardashian look’ they desire.
I tend to believe that this so-called ‘trend’ of Instagram being used as an advertising platform is one that may have longevity especially with the help of individuals like Michael Heller. Michael Heller, former entertainment lawyer and perhaps better known as former manager for Lindsey Lohan, is said to be “changing the way celebrities promote products” via his global strategic marketing firm Talent Resources. His goal, according to a Business Insider article, is to nix ‘obvious celebrity campaigns’ and replace them with “[campaigns where] celebrities stealthily draw attention to companies by posting photos to their social networks” (Weisman). Heller is quoted in the article saying:
The wave of the future is putting brands with celebs on smaller activation, but not marrying them to the brand long term…I look at it as the new way of advertising because everything is going viral. At the end of the day, we're getting the message out there just as well as any advertisement. If I have an event, 45,000 people are looking at it on Facebook now (Weisman)
Brittany Joyal cont.
ReplyDeleteHeller uses Lauren Conrad as an example; Conrad attended an Adam Levine listening party where she snapped an unsolicited photo with the Kia Motors Hamster on her iPhone and posted it on Instagram. Talent Resources blasted the web with Conrad’s photo that ended up having “more than 38,000 views within 24 hours” (Weisman). Neilson’s most recent State of the Media report states:
The advertising landscape is evolving at an unprecedented rate, influenced largely by two factors: media fragmentation and population shifts. Changes in the population are creating a younger, more diverse, more tech-savvy consumer base (Neilson)
With this “younger, more diverse, more tech-savvy consumer base” (or digital natives) it seems fair to assume that the popularity of Instagram being used as a advertising platform for companies and celebrity endorsements is only going to continue to steadily increase.
From an ethical standpoint, I believe sending celebrities, a-list bloggers, etc. free products and then having them write or demonstrate a raving review can constitute as unethical and in some cases lessen your company’s credibility. However, I believe this is determined on a case-to-case basis. Cotton Delo ponders the credibility of Twitter promos in his Advertising Age article where he states:
Why not take the time to find out what these brands' objectives are, how that matches your audience, and see if you can come up with something more native and comfortable than paying the celebrity to tweet something that's probably not something they wrote or even thought about wanting to plug? (Delo)
If the person promoting the product truly believes in its purpose and legitimately uses or at least has tried the product, I think this approach to advertising is both smart and ethical. If the opposite is the case, however, I believe that’s where ethical dilemmas come into play. One example where I believe product promotion is done ethically is with Nicole Guerriero’s YouTube account. Guerriero uses the social media platform to give viewers makeup demonstrations/tips and always posts the names of the products under the video. In these videos the consumer can see her physically using the product and genuinely believing in its results. This approach is not only beneficial for the commercial cosmetic brand featured but also helps build Guerriero’s own personal brand and online presence.
If I were to own my own company I would execute a two-tier approach to advertising/marketing. Seeing the recent success of social media marketing I would take that route as well as supplement what this approach lacks with traditional forms.
Works Cited
"Advertising & Audiences: State of the Media, May 2014." Nielsen.com. May 2014.
Web.
Delo, Cotton. "How Celebrities Make Money from Social When They're Not Paid to Tweet." Advertising Age Latest News RSS. AdAge, 17 July 2013. Web.
Heine, Christopher. "Beauty Video Marketers Are Finding a Second Home on Instagram." Adweek. Adweek, 5 Jan. 2015. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
Horovitz, Bruce. "Queen of Advertising Tells All." USATODAY.com. USA Today Money, 02 May 2002. Web.
Weisman, Aly. "Here's How Celebs Are Sneakily Promoting Products And You Don't Even Realize It." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 24 Aug. 2012. Web.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteAdvertisers often capitalize on social media users’ number of followers. How people get such a large following is beyond the scope of this entry, but these users appeal to advertisers because they attract other users and audiences. From an ethical standpoint, it’s wrong for advertisers to use popular social media users as a way to promote products, as this is treating users as means to an end. This method of promotion is also deceptive. I highly doubt companies are offering their products to users in hopes of a good review; it’s more likely that users speak favorably about certain companies and products in exchange for something else (e.g. free products, more publicity, money, etc).
ReplyDeleteFurthermore, taking advantage of someone in attempt to make a product look as though it’s worth buying is lying to audiences and potential customers. My older sister read an interview with Victoria Secret model Miranda Kerr in which she said vegemite is amazing, so my sister went out and bought vegemite and guess what? It was disgusting. My point is that this is what advertisers want us to do – they want us to go and buy the things that the people we love, love (or “love”). They don’t care about the actual quality of the product. Granted, why should they? Their only job is to advertise it to the public, and giving away products to people who will promote it helps them achieve this goal (for free).
Targeted users are profiting alongside the advertisers, so some might argue that it’s perfectly ethical for companies to send free products in exchange for good reviews. As mentioned, users may be compensated in different ways, but it seems that they are benefiting from the exposure they get after being associated with certain products. This report, for example, talks about Jeffree Star, a makeup artist who’s gone from making video tutorials on Instagram to launching his own cosmetic line. The same kind of success has accompanied YouTube personalities Tyler Oakley and Kingsley as well as stars in other media industries. Justin Bieber, for example, was discovered through YouTube, and Jimmy Fallon’s YouTube videos helped him break into comedy (Johnston). While these celebrities weren’t promoting products on their channels, their impressive viewership got the attention of people in the industry.
In an interview with AdAge, Luigi Picarazzi hints that paid tweets are going out of fashion (Delo) in part because they aren’t getting people to visit company websites as hoped. I don’t think it’s going out of style, I just think that with so many different social media platforms out there, more people are inclined to visit a company’s Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, etc than they are to go searching through a website. It’d be better if those platforms had a ‘buy now’ feature – something that would allow people to buy items they see on their feeds immediately, rather than having to visit a website.
All in all, I wouldn’t go as far as to say paid tweets or YouTube videos are “unethical” kinds of advertising. Truthfully, there are worse ways to get people to view ads on the Internet. Personalized advertising, for example, is something that I feel is a huge invasion of privacy. While I do prefer ads that cater to my interests over ads that don’t appeal to me at all, advertising agencies shouldn’t have access to a history of sites I visit online. Web publishers are selling us out simply because targeted ads are worth more money than non-targeted ads (Tynan). If it were up to me, I’d do away with online advertising entirely, but I hope someone figures out how to make ads less intrusive.
Works Cited
Johnston, Michael. "25 Celebrities Who Got Rich & Famous on YouTube." MonetizePros. N.p., 6 May 2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
Delo, Cotton. "How Celebrities Make Money From Social When They're Not Paid to Tweet." Advertising Age Digital RSS. N.p., 17 July 2013. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
Tynan, Dan. "Explained: Here's How Advertising Tracks You Across the Web." Yahoo Tech. N.p., 17 Nov. 2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
The New Editorial
ReplyDeleteThe portmanteau advertorial is the name given to promotional content that is designed to look like an actual news story or opinion piece. The advertiser benefits from this by connecting with an audience that is loyal to the pundits in the video. The idea of sponsorship is obviously a staple in the advertising industry. The advertorial is in many ways the surest sponsorship because the people watching the video are likely to see the “celebrity” or promoter in the video as trustworthy.
During the life of TV product placement has been used extensively starting with companies like General Motors in the 50’s whose cars became iconic due to the movies that they were in. On the radio everyday in between the last commercial in the spot and the beginning of the next segment there is always a string of products that the host indorses in a editorial manner. Whether it is Mike Francesca telling his faithful audience about how he uses Dollar Shave Club, or the guys at Z100 shouting out to Balducci’s Delicatessen on 6th avenue for sending some delicious sandwiches up to the production room.
The LA Times writes, “Online advertising is expected to top $50 billion this year, according to research firm EMarketer. The amount is expected to hit $66.5 billion by 2016, which will eclipse the amount spent on TV advertising” (O’Leary). so it’s only natural that the product placement and editorial promotion will be carried across platforms as newer markets expand.
I have no stats, but a lot of people use YouTube to learn things like- how to play an instrument, how to cook, how to ride a bike, how to apply makeup. One thing that is almost certain is the pundit in the video is expected to know more than the viewer. Another fact is that to do stuff, you probably have to go out an buy- a guitar, a bike, cosmetics. Here the expert is in perfect position to let you know what type of equipment is easiest to learn on or what piece of equipment you are going to buy once you’ve been at it for a year or two.
My examples don’t do justice to how narrow a YouTube audience can be. Guitar lessons aren’t going to be just guitar, their going to be a style like jazz or rock. Cooking is going to be cooking Indian or Italian food. This opens up even more opportunities for advertisers interested in niche groups.
To answer the blog question, if I owned a product that could fit into a YouTube segment the broadcasted at a high volume to an important demographic. I would take advantage of it and advertise there. To even further address the blog I would totally pay for it by giving the producers some free product because that will be saving me money.
O'leary, MADELINE. "Product Placements Make Their Way onto Viral YouTube Videos." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 29 July 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2015. .
Eddy Negrepont
ReplyDeleteSocial Media has had a tremendous impact on the world we live in today. It has brought in all new ways for companies to try to advertise their products. I believe that it is a very smart idea for companies to use social media to try and sell their products. Using instagram to try market there product can work out very well for companies. Most people in this generation have all different social media accounts that they check constantly throughout the day. With that being said, companies can use that to their advantage and show a quick video of how their products work and why you should purchase it.
Answering Juilia's questions, I do not think that it is unethical for these companies to use Instagram to market their makeup products. I think that it is a great idea to send people free product samples and have people post it online. I believe that this gives the customers a free chance to see what the product is about and how it well it works. Also, I do think that Instagram is a trend and that it will last for a very long time. I know for me personally and many of my friends that Instagram has become their favorite out of all forms of social media. I believe as do many others that Facebook has just become too much and I do not like it nearly as much as I use too. I think Instagram will last because it is just pictures and short video clips. With it being that I believe that Instagram is one of the best social media outlets you can advertise on.
According to the Inquisitr, Instagram has added insight features which allow you too see live numbers marketing your campaign metrics. This feature allows you too see everyone liking and commenting on your post and see what they all think about your product. They have also added business features which promotes collaborative work.
Finally, we were asked if we had a company how would we advertise it. I would use all forms of social media, especially instagram. I think that this is the best way to reach our younger generation. All over facebook and other social medias you see countless advertisements of companies trying to sell you their products. I think that social media has opened up a completely new way to advertise and I think we will continue to see this trend for years to come.
Works Cited
Alton, Larry J. "Instagram Finally Reveals Advertising Tools." The Inquisitr News. Instagram, 2 Sept. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2015.
Instagram K. "Instagram Help Center." How Do I Advertise on Instagram? Instagram, 9 Feb. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2015.
Antonia Jones
ReplyDeleteEveryone is undoubtedly aware that social media is a booming development in the media industry. And why is that? Well, there are two reasons. Half of the people on the Internet are young adults aging from 18-29 years old (Pew Research). Because of this new generation, society has created a younger, more diverse, more tech-savvy consumer base (Nielsen). Companies, advertisers, social media platforms, celebrities, and even consumers have banded together and created a media marketplace monster that grows hungrier and hungrier each day for money and prosperity.
Julia asked the class if it was unethical for companies to give away free products to “celebrities” in order to advertise their product? To be honest, my answer is no. Why? Because they are businesses. In order for any business to thrive, they have to make a profit off their product(s) and have a big enough fan base that makes people come back and buy more. Celebrities can get a consumers foot in the door to try a new product. But that doesn’t mean the consumer will stay. And just because a celebrity says they use a product does not mean they do. A rave review or an Instagram post of a celebrity posing with a product does not compensate for a products quality. And quality is what keeps consumers coming back for more.
A really good example of celebrity advertising vs. quality is the whole Sketchers fiasco. Even though it was an advertisement in magazines, I saw numerous memes on social media mocking one of the celebrities used. Sketchers used celebrities like Kim Kardashian, Brooke Burke, and Wayne Gretzky to promote their products. But what ultimately ended up happening was that the Federal Trade Commission found that Sketchers Shape-ups, Resistance Runners, Toners, and Tone-ups were deceptively advertised and had exaggerated claims regarding the shoes' effectiveness (Minato). This landed Sketchers with a 40 million dollar settlement. And let’s be honest, no one actually believed that the Prada wearing princess, Kim Kardshian, actually wore Sketchers.
Now, let’s get back to the relationship between companies, social media, and consumers. Something that I would like to point out is that the definition of a celebrity nowadays is changing. There are all different breeds and a new breed that has been recently added to the mixture is, Instagram famous, YouTube famous, etc. What social media has done for users, which is amazing, is that they have made it possible for the average joe to matter.
(Antonia Jones cont.)
DeleteJulia pointed out Jeffree Star whose stardom originated through the Internet (Mandia). Star is a somewhat weird character who has a variety of interest as well as talents that people seem to like. And what he has created for himself through social media is quite astonishing. He has managed to make big companies interested in him. Companies, makeup in particular, see that people trust his advice and opinion about products. And what better way to sell your products then through an “average joe” who isn’t as, some might say, intimidating and untrustworthy as Kim Kardashian.
But what people, I think, fail to realize though is that people like Star have something that companies can’t buy. He has immeasurable makeup talent. And it’s clear that he is starting to realize he might be able to compete with the big boys which is why he is able to create his own line. Big companies are scrambling to matter and reach this new generation of consumers. But what their downfall may be is that consumers may give them a run for their money by creating their businesses of their own. We may turn into the competition.
To wrap this all up, I think it’s important to self reflect. We are a new generation of consumers. Big companies are businesses and need to make money. Everyone has realized the key to reaching the new consumer is through social media and using a celebrity has proven to work as a good advertising scheme. By the way, celebrities work because we as consumers have allowed them to work. We have much more power over companies then we realize. We make or break a product. And to be honest, if a big company wanted to send you a free product, because you mattered on social media, and all you had to do was write a review or post a picture with the product, would you? I bet you would.
Work Cited
Duggan, M., Ellison, N.B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A,. and Madden, M. “Social Media Update 2014,” Pew Research Center, January 2015. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
"Advertising & Audiences: State of the Media, May 2014." The Nielsen Company, May 2014. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
Minato, Charlie. “The 9 Lies That Cost Skechers $40 Million.” Business Insider, 16 May 2012. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
Mandia, Delia. “ An interview with Jeffree Star.” Silive.com, 27 June 2009. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
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